Plotting exciton wavefunction

Plotting the wavefunction or charge density corresponding to an exciton can be instrumental for analyzing the symmetry, position, and localization of the excitonic state.

The exciton wavefunction is written as a function of coordinates of two particles (one hole and one electron) $\psi_\lambda(\mathbf{r}_e,\mathbf{r}_h)=\sum_{vc} A_{vc}^\lambda \phi_v(\mathbf{r}_h)\phi_c^*(\mathbf{r}_e)$ . In order to visualize such a function in 3D space we need to "fix" one of the coordinates: the position of the electron $\psi_\lambda(r_e,\mathbf{r}_h)$ or the position of the hole $\psi_\lambda(\mathbf{r}_e,r_h)$ .

How to fix the position of the particle

The position of the fixed particle is provided in direct (fractional) coordinates by tags BSEHOLE or BSEELECTRON for a hole or an electron, respectively. The tag NBSEEIG sets the number of excitons wavefunction that needs to be computed.

When fixing the position of the particle it is important to make sure that it is not fixed exactly at the center of an atom or coincide with a node of the wavefunction. To avoid that, make sure to shift the fixed coordinate slightly away from the center of the atom. Furthermore, the wavefunction of the fixed particle is taken at the nearest $\mathbf{G}$ -vector, whose exact position is written in the OUTCAR file

hole position is fixed at:

or

electron position is fixed at:

How to plot the exciton wavefunction

VASP computes the charge density of a particular excitonic state, i.e., $\rho_\lambda(\mathbf{r})=|\psi_\lambda(r_e,\mathbf{r}_h)|^2$ or $\rho_\lambda(\mathbf{r})=|\psi_\lambda(\mathbf{r}_e,r_h)|^2$ , and writes the resulting charge density into CHGCAR.XX files, which can be visualized using the standard tools like VEST, ASE, etc. Here, XX stands for the index $\lambda$ of the state. VASP computes the charge density by transforming the unit cell with k-points into a supercell. Thus, the exciton charge density is written for a supercell of dimensions ${\rm NKX}\times{\rm NKX}\times{\rm NKX}$ . The size of the supercell is written in the OUTCAR file

FFT grid for supercell:

Warning: The size of CHGCAR.XX files can get very large. Estimate the CHGCAR.XX file size as follows

(\mathrm{NGX*NKX})\times(\mathrm{NGX*NKX})\times(\mathrm{NGX*NKX})*18

bytes. Here, NG{X,Y,Z} is the number of grid points and NK{X,Y,Z} is the number of k-points along axis.

{{NB|warning|The exciton charge density only accounts for the plane-wave part of the wave function and the augmentation terms are neglected.}

Degeneracy

The calculated excitonic states can be degenerate, i.e., multiple eigenvectors have the same energy. For the correct analysis the degenerate states should be added together.

Related tags and sections

CHGCAR, NBSEEIG, BSEHOLE, BSEELECTRON, BSE

References